Education as a Site for Reproducing Social Inequality: A Case Study of Shadow Education System in Pakistan

Authors

  • Muhammad Kalim Ullah Khan Head of Department The Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ITC) University of Management and Technology (UMT), Sialkot
  • Muhammad Adil Iqbal Assistant Professor Department of International Business & Marketing, NUST Business School (NBS) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan

Keywords:

Pakistan, Shadow Education, Schooling, Tuition, Social Inequality

Abstract

The research looks at the shadow education system in Pakistan in a holistic mixed-method study including its structural underpinnings, socio-economic impacts, and lived-in experiences of students, parents, and teachers. The research discusses how the tuition mafia system works, why it keeps growing and what the emergence of the tuition mafia tells us about the long- running structural ineffectiveness (and possible futility) of education in Pakistan.

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Published

2026-01-07

How to Cite

Muhammad Kalim Ullah Khan, & Muhammad Adil Iqbal. (2026). Education as a Site for Reproducing Social Inequality: A Case Study of Shadow Education System in Pakistan. Ma’arif-E-Auliya, 4(1), 1–30. Retrieved from https://maarifeauliya.com.pk/index.php/ojs/article/view/122

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026): January-March 2026

Section

English Articles